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Introduction Focus of Old Histories
In many old historical writings, the progress of ordinary people was not seen as very important. Historians of past ages often paid more attention...
Problems with Too Many Subdivisions in History
In many historical works, the structure of the narrative is very important. A clear and continuous structure helps the reader stay interested and understand...
The Problem with Traditional History Writing
Many historical essays focus mainly on kings, heroes, and great events, but they often forget the daily life of ordinary people. This section of...
Intercessory Prayer to Mary
The icon clearly functions as an intercessory image, in which the viewer prays to the Virgin Mary to intercede with Christ on behalf of...
Floral Decorations and Inscriptions
The lower edge of the icon is decorated with a garland of flowers, including roses, tulips, and violets with green leaves. These floral motifs...
The Icon’s Main Figures
The icon shows the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child at its center. Mary is dressed in a green undergarment covered with a bright...
The Church of St John in Philadelphia
The church that has been named after St John in ancient Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir) was an important Byzantine building. It was rectangular in shape...
Ancient Philadelphia (Alaşehir)
Ancient Philadelphia, known today as Alaşehir, was founded by Attalos II Philadelphos, the king of Pergamum, who ruled between 159 and 138 BCE. The...
The Main Assembly Hall of the Synagogue
The main hall of the synagogue in Sardis was very large. It is believed that it could hold nearly one thousand people. This shows...
The Hittite Relief near Sardis
Near ancient Sardis, a remarkable Hittite rock relief dates to the fourteenth century BCE. This relief shows a standing male figure holding a spear....
